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Neurodiversity Spotlight: ADHD

Understanding ADHD:

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known as ADHD, is a condition under the neurodiversity umbrella that affects more than 6.1 million children in the United States. As one of the leading conditions in the neurodiverse community, it is important to understand ADHD in order to better sympathize with the individuals who live with it so that we, as a society, can better accommodate them. 

According to the Centers for Disease Control some prominent signs and symptoms that present as a result of ADHD can include daydreaming excessively, being very forgetful, fidgeting, and having challenges getting along with other individuals.


Types of ADHD:

ADHD presents itself in three different forms: predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive.  Each type of ADHD has its own characteristics and knowing the difference is crucial to understanding the individual.

The predominantly inattentive type of ADHD is characterized by difficulty focusing on tasks and following instructions, avoiding tasks that require long periods of focus, and a large amount of forgetfulness. This diagnosis makes it difficult for individuals to complete tasks, as well as remain organized and detail oriented. Frequently, the individual is easily distracted by other interests. Oftentimes, a proper diagnosis is needed because treatment is key to preventing individuals with this type from being disruptive in classrooms.  

Individuals with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD are hyperactive and impulsive, as the name suggests, and find it difficult to focus on tasks at hand. This is often accompanied by fidgeting and impatience, as well as more talking than normal. For individuals with predominantly hyperactive-impulsive ADHD, sitting in one location for a large period of time may pose a challenge and cause feelings of restlessness, therefore leading to impulsivity. This type of ADHD may be characterized with challenges listening to directions, difficulties completing time taking homework, and common injuries.

The last type of ADHD is known as combined presentation, which is essentially a combination of hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive types, and is characterised by both inattentiveness and hyperactivity. This includes the inability to pay attentive, impulsive behaviors, and high levels of energy.

One key element to note is that many of these symptoms can occur in any individual, however, when excessive, frequent, or severe, they may be indicative of ADHD. Additionally, some conditions may occur with ADHD or manifest in a similar manner, including mood disorders, learning disabilities, and psychiatric disorders.


Causes and Diagnosis:

Although still unclear, genetics are thought to play a significant role in ADHD. Common misconceptions may be that ADHD is the result of excessive sugar consumption or other poor habits. However, while these factors may have a correlation to worsening of ADHD symptoms, they are currently not considered the cause. Other factors that may increase risk of ADHD may be drug usage in pregnancy, exposure to toxins during pregnancy or infancy, and brain injuries.

Since there is not one test that helps diagnose ADHD, it is critical to observe the various symptoms of the individual. A medical exam and discussion with a doctor are also essential if possible in order to confirm that these symptoms are not a result of another condition. Usually, healthcare professionals take advantage of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) to follow standards of appropriate diagnosing and treatment. Based on this manual, the age of the patient, and the symptoms present, as well as several other conditions, the professional issues one of the three diagnoses previously discussed.

Diagnosis is composed of thorough and elaborate scrutinization by a licensed professional. Common professionals include pediatricians, psychologists, and psychiatrists, often specifically specializing in ADHD.


Treatment of ADHD:

Medications may be a popular form of treatment for ADHD, particularly for children to manage symptoms. The CDC states that around 75% of children who have ADHD have fewer symptoms when taking stimulants, which are the most popular medication because of how quickly they work. It is critical to remember that the parent must communicate and collaborate with the healthcare professional in order to determine the proper balance to make sure that the child’s needs are met.

In order to help individuals with each type better control their condition, behavioral therapy, psychological counseling, or psychotherapy is often utilized in order to support these individuals better adjust to their environments. Important steps of this form of therapy include, but are not limited to, creating a solid routine that includes breaks, avoiding all possible distractions such as a messy work space or electronics, giving brief instructions, and rewarding good behavior.

Parents of children with ADHD can also encourage an advantageous environment by proposing and implementing a daily routine for the child. By organizing and planning, utilizing appropriate discipline and praise, and communicating with the child, the parent can create an atmosphere that promotes the child’s well being.

 

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